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- <html><head><title>toybox roadmap</title>
- <!--#include file="header.html" -->
- <title>Toybox Roadmap</title>
- <h2>Roadmap sections</h2>
- <ul>
- <li><a href=#goals>Introduction</a></li>
- <li><a href=#susv4>POSIX-2008/SUSv4</a></li>
- <li><a href=#sigh>Linux "Standard" Base</a></li>
- <li><a href=#rfc>IETF RFCs and Man Pages</a></li>
- <li><a href=#dev_env>Development Environment</a></li>
- <li><a href=#android>Android Toolbox</a></li>
- <li><a href=#aosp>Building AOSP</a></li>
- <li><a href=#tizen>Tizen Core</a></li>
- <li><a href=#yocto>Yocto</a></li>
- <li><a href=#fhs>Filesystem Hierachy Standard</a></li>
- <li><a href=#buildroot>buildroot</a></li>
- <li>Miscelaneous: <a href=#klibc>klibc</a>, <a href=#glibc>glibc</a>,
- <a href=#sash>sash</a>, <a href=#sbase>sbase</a>,
- <a href=#uclinux>uclinux</a>...</li>
- <li><a href=#packages>Other Packages</a></li>
- </ul>
- <a name="goals" />
- <h2>Introduction (Goals and use cases)</h2>
- <p>We have several potential use cases for a new set of command line
- utilities, and are using those to determine which commands to implement
- for Toybox's 1.0 release. Most of these have their own section in the
- <a href=status.html>status page</a>, showing current progress towards
- commplation.</p>
- <p>The most interesting publicly available standards are A) POSIX-2008 (also
- known as SUSv4), B) the Linux Standard Base version 4.1, and C) the official
- <a href=https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/>Linux man pages</a>.
- But they include commands we've decided not implement, exclude
- commands or features we have, and don't always entirely match reality.</p>
- <p>The most thorough real world test (other than a large interactive
- userbase) is using toybox as the command line in a build system such as
- <a href=https://landley.net/aboriginal/about.html>Aboriginal
- Linux</a>, having it rebuild itself from source code, and using the result
- to <a href=https://github.com/landley/control-images>build Linux From Scratch</a>.
- The current "minimal native development system" goal is to use
- <a href=faq.html#mkroot>mkroot</a>
- plus <a href=faq.html#cross>musl-cross-make</a> to hermetically build
- <a href=https://source.android.com>AOSP</a>.</p>
- <p>We've also checked what commands were provided by similar projects
- (klibc, sash, sbase, embutils,
- nash, and beastiebox), looked at various vendor configurations of busybox,
- and collected end user requests.</p>
- <p>Finally, we'd like to provide a good replacement for the Bash shell,
- which was the first program Linux ever ran and remains the standard shell
- of Linux (no matter what Ubuntu says). This doesn't necessarily mean including
- every last Bash 5.x feature, but does involve {various,features} <(beyond)
- posix.</p>
- <p>See the <a href=status.html>status page</a> for the categorized command list
- and progress towards implementing it. There's also a
- <a href=todo.html>historical todo list</a> from the project's 2011 relaunch.</p>
- <hr />
- <a name="standards">
- <h2>Use case: standards compliance.</h2>
- <h3><a name=susv4 /><a href="#susv4">POSIX-2008/SUSv4</a></h3>
- <p>The best standards describe reality rather than attempting to impose a
- new one. A good standard should document, not legislate.
- Standards which document existing reality tend to be approved by
- more than one standards body, such ANSI and ISO both approving <a href=https://landley.net/c99-draft.html>C99</a>. That's why IEEE 1003.1-2008,
- the Single Unix Specification version 4, and the Open Group Base Specification
- edition 7 are all the same standard from three sources, but most people just
- call it "posix" (portable operating system derived from unix).
- It's available <a href=https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799>online in full</a>, and may be downloaded as a tarball.
- Previous versions (<a href=https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/>SUSv3</a> and
- <a href=https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7990989775/>SUSv2</a>)
- are also available.
- (Note:
- <a href=https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799.2008edition/>Posix
- 2008</a> was reissued in 2013 and 2018, the first was minor wordsmithing
- with no behavioral changes, the second was to renew a ten year timeout
- to still be considered a "current standard" by some government regulations.
- It's still posix-2008/SUSv4/issue 7.)</p>
- <h3>Why not just use posix for everything?</h3>
- <p>Unfortunately, Posix describes an incomplete subset of reality, because
- it was designed to. It started with proprietary unix vendors collaborating to
- describe the functionality their fragmented APIs could agree on, which was then
- incorporated into <a href=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/FIPS/fipspub151-2-1993.pdf>US federal procurement standards</a>
- as a <a href=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwrTTXOg-KI>compliance requirement</a>
- for things like navy contracts, giving large corporations
- like IBM and Microsoft millions of dollars of incentive
- to punch holes in the standard big enough to drive
- <a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_POSIX_subsystem>Windows NT</a> and
- <a href=http://www.naspa.net/magazine/1996/May/T9605006.PDF>OS/360</a> through.
- When open source projects like Linux started developing on the internet
- (enabled by the 1993 relaxation of the National Science Foundation's
- "Acceptable Use Policy" allowing everyone to connect to the internet,
- previously restricted to approved government/military/university organizations),
- Posix <a href=http://www.opengroup.org/testing/fips/policy_info.html>ignored
- the upstarts</a> and Linux eventually
- <a href=https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/3417>returned the favor</a>,
- leaving Posix behind.</p>
- <p>The result is a "standard" that lacks any mention of commands like
- "init" or "mount" required to actually boot a system.
- It describes logname but not login. It provides ipcrm
- and ipcs, but not ipcmk, so you can use System V IPC resources but not create
- them. And widely used real-world commands such as tar and cpio (the basis
- of initramfs and RPM) which were present in earlier
- versions of the standard have been removed, while obsolete commands like
- cksum, compress, sccs and uucp remain with no mention of modern counterparts
- like crc32/sha1sum, gzip/xz, svn/git or scp/rsync. Meanwhile posix' description
- of the commands
- themselves are missing dozens of features and specify silly things like ebcdic
- support in dd or that wc should use %d (not %lld) for byte counts. So
- we have to extensively filter posix to get a useful set of recommendations.</p>
- <h3>Analysis</h3>
- <p>Starting with the
- <a href="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799.2008edition/idx/utilities.html">full "utilities" list</a>,
- we first remove generally obsolete
- commands (compress ed ex pr uncompress uccp uustat uux), commands for the
- pre-CVS "SCCS" source control system (admin delta get prs rmdel sact sccs unget
- val what), fortran support (asa fort77), and batch processing support (batch
- qalter qdel qhold qmove qmsg qrerun qrls qselect qsig qstat qsub).</p>
- <p>Some commands are for a compiler toolchain (ar c99 cflow ctags cxref gencat
- iconv lex m4 make nm strings strip tsort yacc) which is outside of toybox's
- mandate and should be supplied externally. (Some of these may be
- revisited later, but not for toybox 1.0.)</p>
- <p>Some commands are part of a command shell, and can't be implemented as
- separate executables (alias bg cd command fc fg getopts hash jobs kill read
- type ulimit umask unalias wait). These may be implemented as part of the
- built-in toybox shell, but are not exported into $PATH via symlinks and
- thus are not part of toybox's main command list. (If you fork a
- child process and have it "cd" then exit, you've accomplished nothing.)
- Again, what posix provides is incomplete: a shell also needs exit, if, while,
- for, case, export, set, unset, trap, exec... (And for bash compatibility
- function, source, declare...)</p>
- <p>A few other commands are judgement calls, providing command-line
- internationalization support (iconv locale localedef), System V inter-process
- communication (ipcrm ipcs), and cross-tty communication from the minicomputer
- days (talk mesg write). The "pax" utility <a href=https://slashdot.org/story/06/09/04/1335226/debian-kicks-jrg-schilling>failed</a> to replace tar,
- "mailx" is
- a command line email client, and "lp" submits files for printing to... what
- exactly? (cups?) The standard defines crontab but not crond. What is
- pathchk supposed to be portable _to_? (Linux accepts 255 byte path components
- with any char except NUL or / and no max length on the total path, and
- <a href=https://yarchive.net/comp/linux/utf8.html>EXPLICITLY</a>
- doesn't care if it's an invalid utf8 sequence.)</p>
- <p>Removing all of that leaves the following commands, which toybox should
- implement:</p>
- <blockquote><b>
- <span id=posix>
- at awk basename bc cal cat chgrp chmod chown cksum cmp comm cp
- csplit cut date dd df diff dirname du echo env expand expr false file find
- fold fuser getconf grep head id join kill link ln logger logname ls man
- mkdir mkfifo more mv newgrp nice nl nohup od paste patch printf ps
- pwd renice rm rmdir sed sh sleep sort split stty tabs tail tee test time
- touch tput tr true tty uname unexpand uniq unlink uudecode uuencode vi wc
- who xargs zcat
- </span>
- </b></blockquote>
- <h3><a name=sigh /><a href="#sigh">Linux Standard Base</a></h3>
- <p>One attempt to supplement POSIX towards an actual usable system was the
- Linux Standard Base. Unfortunately, the quality of this "standard" is
- fairly low, largely due to the Free Standards Group that maintained it
- being consumed by <a href=https://landley.net/notes-2010.html#18-07-2010>the Linux Foundation</a> in 2007.</p>
- <p>Where POSIX allowed its standards process to be compromised
- by leaving things out (but what
- they DID standardize tends to be respected, if sometimes obsolete),
- the Linux Standard Base's failure mode is different. They respond to
- pressure by including anything their members pay them enough to promote,
- such as allowing Red Hat to push
- RPM into the standard even though all sorts of distros (Debian, Slackware, Arch,
- Gentoo, Android) don't use it and never will. This means anything in the LSB is
- at best a suggestion: arbitrary portions of this standard are widely
- ignored.</p>
- <p>The <a href=https://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/39546.html>community perception</a>
- seems to be that the Linux Standard Base is
- the best standard money can buy: the Linux Foundation is supported by
- financial donations from large companies and the LSB
- <a href=https://www.softwarefreedom.org/blog/2016/apr/11/lf/>represents the interests
- of those donors</a> regardless of technical merit. (The Linux Foundation, which
- maintains the LSB, is NOT a 501c3. It's a 501c6, the
- same kind of legal entity as the Tobacco Institute and
- <a href=https://lwn.net/Articles/706585/>Microsoft's</a>
- old "<a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Copy_That_Floppy>Don't Copy That Floppy</a>" program.) Debian officially
- <a href=http://lwn.net/Articles/658809>washed its hands of LSB</a> by
- refusing to adopt release 5.0 in 2015, and no longer even pretends to support
- it (which affects Debian derivatives like Ubuntu and Knoppix). Toybox has
- stayed on 4.1 for similar reasons: a lot of historical effort went into
- producing the standard before the Linux Foundation took over.</p>
- <p>That said, Posix by itself isn't enough, and this is the next most
- comprehensive standards effort for Linux so far, so we salvage what we can.</p>
- <h3>Analysis</h3>
- <p>The LSB specifies a <a href=http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/LSB_4.1.0/LSB-Core-generic/LSB-Core-generic/cmdbehav.html>list of command line
- utilities</a>:</p>
- <blockquote><b>
- ar at awk batch bc chfn chsh col cpio crontab df dmesg du echo egrep
- fgrep file fuser gettext grep groupadd groupdel groupmod groups
- gunzip gzip hostname install install_initd ipcrm ipcs killall lpr ls
- lsb_release m4 md5sum mknod mktemp more mount msgfmt newgrp od passwd
- patch pidof remove_initd renice sed sendmail seq sh shutdown su sync
- tar umount useradd userdel usermod xargs zcat
- </b></blockquote>
- <p>Where posix specifies one of those commands, LSB's deltas tend to be
- accomodations for broken tool versions which aren't up to date with the
- standard yet. (See <a href=http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/LSB_4.1.0/LSB-Core-generic/LSB-Core-generic/more.html>more</a> and <a href=http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/LSB_4.1.0/LSB-Core-generic/LSB-Core-generic/xargs.html>xargs</a>
- for examples.)</p>
- <p>Since we've already committed to using our own judgement to skip bits of
- POSIX, and LSB's "judgement" in this regard is purely bug workarounds to declare
- various legacy tool implementations "compliant", this means we're mostly
- interested in the set of LSB tools that aren't mentioned in posix.</p>
- <p>Of these, gettext and msgfmt are internationalization, install_initd and
- remove_initd weren't present in Ubuntu 10.04, lpr is out of scope,
- lsb_release just reports information in /etc/os-release, and sendmail's
- turned into a pile of cryptographic verification and DNS shenanigans due
- to spammers.</p>
- <p>This leaves:</p>
- <blockquote><b>
- <span id=lsb>
- chfn chsh dmesg egrep fgrep groupadd groupdel groupmod groups
- gunzip gzip hostname install killall md5sum
- mknod mktemp mount passwd pidof seq shutdown
- su sync tar umount useradd userdel usermod zcat
- </span>
- </b></blockquote>
- <h3><a name=rfc /><a href="#rfc">IETF RFCs and Man Pages</a></h3>
- <p>They're very nice, but there's thousands of them.</p>
- <p>Discussion of standards wouldn't be complete without the Internet
- Engineering Task Force's "<a href=https://www.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc-index.txt>Request For Comments</a>" collection and Michael Kerrisk's
- <a href=https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/>Linux man-pages project</a>.
- Except these aren't standards, they're collections of documentation with
- low barriers to inclusion. They're not saying "you should support
- X", they're saying "if you do, here's how".
- Thus neither really helps us select which commands to include.</p>
- <p>The man pages website includes the commands in git, yum, perf, postgres,
- flatpack... Great for examining the features of a command you've
- already decided to include, useless for deciding _what_ to include.</p>
- <p>The RFCs are more about protocols than commands. The noise level is
- extremely high: there's thousands of RFCs, many describing a proposed idea
- that never took off, and less than 1% of the resulting documents are
- currently relevant to toybox. And the documents are numbered based on the
- order they were received, with no real attempt at coherently indexing
- the result. As with man pages they can be <a href=https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc0610.txt>long and complicated</a> or
- <a href=https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1951.txt>terse and impenetrable</a>,
- have developed a certain amount of <a href=https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc8179.txt>bureaucracy</a> over the years, and often the easiest way to understand what
- they <a href=https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4330.txt>document</a> is to find an <a href=https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1769.txt>earlier version</a> to read first.</p>
- <p>That said, RFC documents can be useful (especially for networking protocols)
- and the four URL templates the recommended starting files
- for new commands (toys/example/skeleton.c or toys/example/hello.c depending on how much
- plumbing you want to start with) provide point to posix, lsb, man, and
- rfc pages.</p>
- <hr />
- <a name="dev_env">
- <h2><a href="#dev_env">Use case: provide a self-hosting development environment</a></h2>
- <p>The following commands were enough to build the <a href=http://landley.net/aboriginal/about.html>Aboriginal Linux</a> development
- environment, boot it to a shell prompt, and build <a href=http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/6.8/>Linux From Scratch 6.8</a> under it.</p>
- <blockquote><b>
- <span id=development>
- bzcat cat cp dirname echo env patch rmdir sha1sum sleep sort sync
- true uname wc which yes zcat
- awk basename chmod chown cmp cut date dd diff
- egrep expr fdisk find grep gzip head hostname id install ln ls
- mkdir mktemp mv od readlink rm sed sh tail tar touch tr uniq
- wget whoami xargs chgrp comm gunzip less logname split
- tee test time bunzip2 chgrp chroot comm cpio dmesg
- dnsdomainname ftpd ftpget ftpput gunzip ifconfig init less
- logname losetup mdev mount mountpoint nc pgrep pkill
- pwd route split stat switch_root tac umount vi
- resize2fs tune2fs fsck.ext2 genext2fs mke2fs xzcat
- </span>
- </b></blockquote>
- <p>This use case includes running init scripts and other shell scripts, running
- configure, make, and install in each package, and providing basic command line
- facilities such as a text editor. (It does not include a compiler toolchain or
- C library, those are outside the scope of the toybox project, although mkroot
- has a <a href=https://landley.net/code/qcc>potentialy follow-up project</a>.
- For now we use distro toolchains,
- <a href=https://github.com/richfelker/musl-cross-make>musl-cross-make</a>,
- and the Android NDK for build testing.)
- That build system also instaled bash 2.05b as #!/bin/sh and its scripts
- required bash extensions not present in shells such as busybox ash.
- To replace that toysh needs to supply several bash extensions _and_ work
- when called under the name "bash".</p>
- <p>The above command list was collected using a command line recording wrapper,
- see scripts/record-commands and toys/example/logpath.c, which
- scripts/mkroot.sh uses to populate root/log/*-commands.txt. Try
- <b>awk '{print $1}' root/build/log/*-commands.txt | sort -u | grep -v musl | xargs</b>
- after building a mkroot target to get a similar command list used by that
- build.</p>
- <h3>Stages and moving targets</h3>
- <p>The development environment use case has two stages, achieving:
- 1) a bootable system that can rebuild itself from source, and 2)
- a build environment capable
- of bootstrapping up to arbitrary complexity (by building
- Linux From Scratch and Beyond Linux From Scratch under the resulting
- system, or the Android Open Source Project). To accomplish just the first
- goal (a minimal system that can rebuild _itself_ from source), the old
- build still needs the following busybox commands for which toybox does
- not yet supply adequate replacements:</p>
- <blockquote><b>
- awk dd diff expr fdisk ftpd gzip less route sh tr unxz vi xzcat
- </b></blockquote>
- <p>All of those except awk, ftpd, and less have partial implementations
- in "pending".</p>
- <p>In 2017 Aboriginal Linux development ended, replaced by a much simpler
- project ("mkroot") designed to use an existing cross+native toolchain (such as
- <a href=https://github.com/richfelker/musl-cross-make>musl-cross-make</a>
- or the Android NDK) instead of building its own cross and native compilers
- from source. In 2019 the still-incomplete
- mkroot was merged into toybox as the "make root" target (which runs
- scripts/mkroot.sh). This is intended
- as a simpler way of providing essentially the same build environment, and doesn't
- significantly affect the rest of this analysis (although the "rebuild itself
- from source" test should now include building musl-cross-make under either
- mkroot or toybox's "make airlock" host environment).</p>
- <p>Building Linux From Scratch is not the same as building the
- <a href=https://source.android.com>Android Open Source Project</a>,
- but after toybox 1.0 we plan to try
- <a href=http://landley.net/aboriginal/about.html#hairball>modifying the AOSP build</a>
- to reduce dependencies. (It's fairly likely we'll have to add at least
- a read-only git utility so repo can download the build's source code,
- but that's actually <a href=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-lGyn3PHP4>not
- that hard</a>. We'll probably also need our own "make" at some point after
- 1.0, which is its own moving target thanks to cmake and ninja and so on.)
- The ongoing Android <a href=http://lists.landley.net/pipermail/toybox-landley.net/2018-January/009330.html>hermetic build</a> work is already advancing
- this goal.</p>
- <hr />
- <h2><a name=android /><a href="#android">Use case: Replacing Android Toolbox</a></h2>
- <p>Android has a policy against GPL in userspace, so even though BusyBox
- predates Android by many years, they couldn't use it. Instead they grabbed
- an old version of ash (later replaced by
- <a href="https://www.mirbsd.org/mksh.htm">mksh</a>)
- and implemented their own command line utility set
- called "toolbox" (which toybox has already mostly replaced).</p>
- <p>Toolbox doesn't have its own repository, instead it's part of Android's
- <a href=https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core>system/core
- git repository</a>. Android's Native Development Kit (their standalone
- downloadable toolchain) has its own
- <a href=https://android.googlesource.com/platform/ndk/+/master/docs/Roadmap.md>roadmap</a>, and each version has
- <a href=https://developer.android.com/ndk/downloads/revision_history>release
- notes</a>.</p>
- <h3>Toolbox commands:</h3>
- <p>According to <a href=https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/master/toolbox/Android.bp>
- system/core/toolbox/Android.bp</a> the toolbox directory builds the
- following commands:</p>
- <blockquote><b>
- getevent getprop modprobe setprop start
- </b></blockquote>
- <p>getprop/setprop/start were in toybox and moved back because they're so
- tied to non-public system interfaces. modprobe shares the implementation
- used in init. getevent is a board bringup tool built with a python script
- that pulls all the constants from the latest kernel headers.</p>
- <h3>Other Android /system/bin commands</h3>
- <p>Other than the toolbox links, the currently interesting
- binaries in /system/bin are:</p>
- <ul>
- <li><b>arping</b> - ARP REQUEST tool (iputils)</li>
- <li><b>blkid</b> - identify block devices (e2fsprogs)</li>
- <li><b>e2fsck</b> - fsck for ext2/ext3/ext4 (e2fsprogs)</li>
- <li><b>fsck.f2fs</b> - fsck for f2fs (f2fs-tools)</li>
- <li><b>fsck_msdos</b> - fsck for FAT (BSD)</li>
- <li><b>gzip</b> - compression/decompression tool (zlib)</li>
- <li><b>ip</b> - network routing tool (iproute2)</li>
- <li><b>iptables/ip6tables</b> - IPv4/IPv6 NAT admin (iptables)</li>
- <li><b>iw</b> - wireless device config tool (iw)</li>
- <li><b>logwrapper</b> - redirect stdio to android log (Android)</li>
- <li><b>make_ext4fs</b> - make ext4 fs (Android)</li>
- <li><b>make_f2fs</b> - make f2fs fs (f2fs-tools)</li>
- <li><b>ping/ping6</b> - ICMP ECHO_REQUEST tool (iputils)</li>
- <li><b>reboot</b> - reboot (Android)</li>
- <li><b>resize2fs</b> - resize ext2/ext3/ext4 fs (e2fsprogs)</li>
- <li><b>sh</b> - mksh (BSD)</li>
- <li><b>ss</b> - socket statistics (iproute2)</li>
- <li><b>tc</b> - traffic control (iproute2)</li>
- <li><b>tracepath/tracepath6</b> - trace network path (iputils)</li>
- <li><b>traceroute/traceroute6</b> - trace network route (iputils)</li>
- </ul>
- <p>The names in parentheses are the upstream source of the command.</p>
- <h3>Analysis</h3>
- <p>For reference, combining everything listed above that's still "fair game"
- for toybox, we get:</p>
- <blockquote><b>
- arping blkid e2fsck dd fsck.f2fs fsck_msdos gzip ip iptables
- ip6tables iw logwrapper make_ext4fs make_f2fs modpobe newfs_msdos ping ping6
- reboot resize2fs sh ss tc tracepath tracepath6 traceroute traceroute6
- </b></blockquote>
- <p>We may eventually implement all of that, but for toybox 1.0 we need to
- focus a bit. If Android has an acceptable external package, and the command
- isn't needed for system bootstrapping, replacing the external package is
- not a priority.</p>
- <p>However, several commands toybox plans to implement anyway could potentially
- replace existing Android versions, so we should take into account Android's use
- cases when doing so. This includes:</p>
- <blockquote><b>
- <span id=toolbox>
- dd getevent gzip modprobe newfs_msdos sh
- </span>
- </b></blockquote>
- <p>Update: <a href=https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/master/system/core/Android.bp>
- external/toybox/Android.bp</a> has symlinks for the following toys out
- of "pending". (The toybox modprobe is also built for the device, but
- it isn't actually used and is only there for sanity checking against
- the libmodprobe-based implementation.) These should be a priority for
- cleanup:</p>
- <blockquote><b>
- bc dd diff expr getfattr lsof more stty tr traceroute
- </b></blockquote>
- <p>Android wishlist:</p>
- <blockquote><b>
- mtools genvfatfs mke2fs gene2fs
- </b></blockquote>
- <hr />
- <h2><a name=aosp /><a href="#aosp">Use case: Building AOSP</a></h2>
- <p>The list of external tools used to build AOSP was
- <a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/build/soong/+/master/ui/build/paths/config.go">here</a>,
- but as they're switched over to toybox they disappear and reappear
- <a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/prebuilts/build-tools/+/refs/heads/master/path/linux-x86/">here</a>.</p>
- <blockquote><b>
- awk basename bash bc bzip2 cat chmod cmp comm cp cut date dd diff dirname du
- echo egrep env expr find fuser getconf getopt git grep gzip head hexdump
- hostname id jar java javap ln ls lsof m4 make md5sum mkdir mktemp mv od openssl
- paste patch pgrep pkill ps pstree pwd python python2.7 python3 readlink
- realpath rm rmdir rsync sed setsid sh sha1sum sha256sum sha512sum
- sleep sort stat tar tail tee todos touch tr true uname uniq unix2dos unzip
- wc which whoami xargs xxd xz zip zipinfo
- </b></blockquote>
- <p>The following are already in the tree and will be used directly:</p>
- <blockquote><b>
- awk bzip2 jar java javap m4 make python python2.7 python3 xz
- </b></blockquote>
- <p>Subtracting what's already in toybox (including the following toybox toys
- that are still in pending: <code>bc dd diff expr gzip lsof tar tr</code>),
- that leaves:</p>
- <blockquote><b>
- bash fuser getopt git hexdump openssl pstree rsync sh todos unzip zip zipinfo
- </b></blockquote>
- <p>For AOSP, zip/zipinfo/unzip are likely to be libziparchive based. The
- todos callers will use unix2dos instead if it's available. git/openssl
- seem like they should just be brought in to the tree. rsync is used to
- work around a Mac <code>cp -Rf</code> bug with broken symbolic links. That
- leaves:</p>
- <blockquote><b>
- bash fuser getopt hexdump pstree
- </b></blockquote>
- <p>(Why are fuser and pstree used during the AOSP build? They're used for
- diagnostics if something goes wrong. So it's really just bash, getopt,
- and hexdump that are actually used to build.)</p>
- <hr />
- <h2><a name=tizen /><a href="#tizen">Use case: Tizen Core</a></h2>
- <p>A side effect of the Linux Foundation following the money to the
- exclusion of all else is they "support" their donors' myriad often
- contradictory pet projects with elaborate announcements and press releases.
- Long ago when Nokia's Maemo merged
- with Intel's Moblin to form <a href=https://www.linuxfoundation.org/press-release/linux-foundation-to-host-meego-project/>MeeGo</a>, there were believable <a href=https://www.linuxfoundation.org/press-release/public-support-for-the-meego-project/>statements</a>
- about unifying fragmented vendor efforts. Then MeeGo merged with
- <a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiMo_Foundation>LiMo</a> to
- <a href=notes-2012.html#16-05-2012>form Tizen</a>,
- which became a Samsung-only project (that <a href=https://www.androidheadlines.com/2021/05/samsung-tvs-continue-use-tizen-os.html>still ships</a>
- inside <a href=https://twitter.com/cstross/status/1453747613686288385>televisions</a>,
- but was otherwise subsumed into <a href=https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/18/22440483/samsung-smartwatch-google-wearos-tizen-watch>Android GO</a>).</p>
- <p>Along the way, the Tizen project expressed a desire to eliminate GPLv3 software
- from its core system, and in installing toybox as
- <a href=https://wiki.tizen.org/wiki/Toybox>part of this process</a>.</p>
- <p>They had a fairly long list of new commands they wanted to see in toybox:</p>
- <blockquote><b>
- <span id=tizen_cmd>
- arch base64 users unexpand shred join csplit
- hostid nproc runcon sha224sum sha256sum sha384sum sha512sum sha3sum mkfs.vfat fsck.vfat
- dosfslabel uname pinky diff3 sdiff zcmp zdiff zegrep zfgrep zless zmore
- </span>
- </b></blockquote>
- <p>In addition, they wanted to use several commands then in pending:</p>
- <blockquote><b>
- <span id=tizen>
- tar diff printf wget rsync fdisk vi less tr test stty fold expr dd
- </span>
- </b></blockquote>
- <p>Also, tizen uses a different Linux Security Module called SMACK, so
- many of the SELinux options ala ls -Z needed smack alternatives in an
- if/else setup. We added lib/lsm.h to abstract this, but haven't heard
- from Tizen in years and have started implementing SELinux support without
- Smack support in places like tar.c. At some point, lib/lsm.h may go away
- due to lack of expressed interest.</p>
- <hr />
- <h2><a name=yocto /><a href="#yocto">Use case: Yocto</a></h2>
- <p>Another project the Linux Foundation is paid to appreciate is Yocto,
- which was designed to fix the ongoing proprietary fragmentation problem
- (now in Linux build systems instead of vendor unix forks) by being the
- build system equivalent of a glue trap. While proclaiming that having the
- "minimum level of standardization" contributes to a "strong ecosystem",
- Yocto uses a "<a href=https://www.yoctoproject.org/software-overview/layers/>layered</a>"
- design where everybody who touches it is encouraged to add more and more layers
- of metadata on top of what came before, until they wind up <a href=https://github.com/varigit/variscite-bsp-platform>using repo</a> just to manage
- the layers (let alone their contents). But -- and this is the
- important bit -- all these dispirate forks are called "yocto" and built on
- top of giant piles of code the Linux Foundation can take credit for
- since they filed the serial numbers off OpenEmbedded. (And THEN users
- are encouraged to check the result into their own repository as one
- big initial commit, discarding all layers and history.)</p>
- <p>Yocto's "core-image-minimal" target (only 3,106 build steps in the 3.3
- release, which includes building host versions of gnome packages and
- <a href=https://landley.net/notes-2019.html#06-02-2019>something called</a>
- the "uninative binary shim") builds a busybox-based system with the following commands:</p>
- <blockquote><b>
- <span id=yocto_cmd>
- addgroup adduser ascii sh awk base32 basename blkid bunzip2 bzcat bzip2 cat
- chattr chgrp chmod chown chroot chvt clear cmp cp cpio crc32 cut date dc dd
- deallocvt delgroup deluser depmod df diff dirname dmesg dnsdomainname du
- dumpkmap dumpleases echo egrep env expr false fbset fdisk fgrep find flock
- free fsck fstrim fuser getopt getty grep groups gunzip gzip head hexdump
- hostname hwclock id ifconfig ifdown ifup insmod ip kill killall klogd less
- ln loadfont loadkmap logger logname logread losetup ls lsmod lzcat md5sum
- mesg microcom mkdir mkfifo mknod mkswap mktemp modprobe more mount mountpoint
- mv nc netstat nohup nproc nslookup od openvt patch pgrep pidof pivot_root
- printf ps pwd rdate readlink realpath reboot renice reset resize rev rfkill
- rm rmdir rmmod route run-parts sed seq setconsole setsid sh sha1sum sha256sum
- shuf sleep sort start-stop-daemon stat strings stty sulogin swapoff swapon
- switch_root sync sysctl syslogd tail tar tee telnet test tftp time top touch
- tr true ts tty udhcpc udhcpd umount uname uniq unlink unzip uptime users
- usleep vi watch wc wget which who whoami xargs xzcat yes zcat
- </span>
- </b></blockquote>
- <a name="fhs" />
- <hr /><a href=fhs>Filesystem Hierachy Standard</a>
- <h2>Filesystem Hierarchy Standard:</h2>
- <p>Another standard taken over by the Linux Foundation. (At least the
- links to this one didn't <a href=http://lanana.org/>go 404</a> the
- instant they took it over). Of historical interest due to what it
- managed to achieve before they chased away the hobbyists maintaining it.
- Only one version (3.0 in 2015) has been released since the Linux Foundation
- absorbed the FHS. The previous release, Version 2.3, was released in 2004.
- The Linux Foundation did not retain earlier versions. The contents of
- the relevant sections appear identical between the two versions, the
- Linux Foundation just added section numbers.</p>
- <p><a href=https://refspects.linuxfoundation.org/FHS_3.0/fhs-3.0.html>FHS 3.0</a>
- section 3.4.2 requires commands to be in the /bin directory, and then 3.4.3
- has an optional list,
- and then 3.16.2 and 3.16.3 similarly cover /sbin. There are linux
- specific sections in 6.1.2 and 6.1.6 but everything in them is obsolete.</p>
- <p>The /bin options include csh but not bash, and ed but not vi.
- The /sbin options have update which seems obsolete (filesystem
- buffers haven't needed a userspace process to flush them for DECADES),
- fastboot and fasthalt (reboot and halt have -nf), and
- fsck.* and mkfs.* that don't actually specify any specific filesystems.
- Removing that gives us:</p>
- <blockquote><b>
- <span id=fhs_cmd>
- cat chgrp chmod chown cp date dd df dmesg echo false hostname kill ln
- login ls mkdir mknod more mount mv ps pwd rm rmdir sed sh stty su sync true
- umount uname tar cpio gzip gunzip zcat netstat ping
- shutdown fdisk getty halt ifconfig init mkswap reboot route swapon swapoff
- </span>
- </b></blockquote>
- <hr /><a name=buildroot />
- <h2>buildroot:</h2>
- <p>If a toybox-based development environment is to support running
- buildroot under it, the <a href=https://buildroot.org/downloads/manual/manual.html#requirement-mandatory>mandatory packages</a>
- section of the buildroot manual lists:</p>
- <blockquote><p><b>
- which sed make bash patch gzip bzip2 tar cpio unzip rsync file bc wget
- </b></p></blockquote>
- <p>(It also lists binutils gcc g++ perl python, and for debian it wants
- build-essential. And it wants file to be in /usr/bin because
- <a href=https://git.busybox.net/buildroot/tree/support/dependencies/dependencies.sh?h=2018.02.x#n84>libtool
- breaks otherwise</a>.)</p>
- <p>Oddly, buildroot can't NOT cross compile. Buildroot does not support a cross toolchain that lives in "/usr/bin"
- with a prefix of "" (if you try, and chop out the test for a blank prefix,
- it dies trying to run "/usr/bin/-gcc"). You can patch your way to
- making it work if you try, but buildroot's developers explicitly do not
- support this.</p>
- <hr /><a name=klibc />
- <h2>klibc:</h2>
- <p>Long ago some kernel developers came up with a project called
- <a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klibc>klibc</a>.
- After a decade of development it still has no web page or HOWTO,
- and nobody's quite sure if the license is BSD or GPL. It inexplicably
- <a href=http://www.infoworld.com/d/data-center/perl-isnt-going-anywhere-better-or-worse-211580>requires perl to build</a>, and seems like an ideal candidate for
- replacement.</p>
- <p>In addition to a C library less general-purpose than old versions of bionic
- (let alone musl), klibc builds a random assortment of executables to run init scripts
- with. There's no multiplexer command, these are individual executables:</p>
- <blockquote><p><b>
- cat chroot cpio dd dmesg false fixdep fstype gunzip gzip halt ipconfig kill
- kinit ln losetup ls minips mkdir mkfifo mknodes
- mksyntax mount mv nfsmount nuke pivot_root poweroff readlink reboot resume
- run-init sh sha1hash sleep sync true umount uname zcat
- </b></p></blockquote>
- <p>To get that list, build klibc according to the instructions (I
- <a href=http://landley.net/notes-2013.html#23-01-2013>looked at</a> version
- 2.0.2 and did cd klibc-*; ln -s /output/of/kernel/make/headers_install
- linux; make) then <b>echo $(for i in $(find . -type f); do file $i | grep -q
- executable && basename $i; done | grep -v '[.]g$' | sort -u)</b> to find
- executables, then eliminate the *.so files and *.shared duplicates.</p>
- <p>Some of those binaries are build-time tools that don't get installed,
- which removes mknodes, mksyntax, sha1hash, and fixdep from the list.
- (And sha1hash is just an unpolished sha1sum anyway.)</p>
- <p>The run-init command is more commonly called switch_root, nuke is just
- "rm -rf -- $@", and minips is more commonly called "ps": I'm not doing aliases
- for these oddball names.
- The "kinit" command is another gratuitous rename, it's init running as PID 1.
- The halt, poweroff, and reboot commands work with it.</p>
- <p>Yet more stale forks of dash and gzip got sucked in here (see "dubious
- license terms" above).</p>
- <p>In theory "blkid" or "file" handle fstype (and df for mounted filesystems),
- but we could do fstype.</p>
- <p>We should implement nfsmount, and probably smbmount
- and p9mount even though this hasn't got one. The reason these aren't
- in the base "mount" command is they interactively query login credentials.</p>
- <p>The ipconfig command here has a built in dhcp client, so it's ifconfig
- and dhcpcd and maybe some other stuff.</p>
- <p>The resume command is... weird. It finds a swap partition and reads data
- from it into a /proc file, something the kernel is capable of doing itself.
- (Even though the klibc author
- <a href=http://www.zytor.com/pipermail/klibc/2006-June/001748.html>attempted
- to remove</a> that capability from the kernel, current kernel/power/hibernate.c
- still parses "resume=" on the command line). And yet various distros seem to
- make use of klibc for this.
- Given the history of swsusp/hibernate (and
- <a href=http://lwn.net/Articles/333007>TuxOnIce</a>
- and <a href=http://lwn.net/Articles/242107>kexec jump</a>...) I've lost track
- of the current state of the art here. Ah, Documentation/power/userland-swsusp.txt
- has the API docs, and <a href=http://suspend.sf.net>here's a better
- tool</a>...</p>
- <p>This gives us a klibc command list:</p>
- <blockquote><b>
- <span id=klibc_cmd>
- cat chroot dmesg false kill ln losetup ls mkdir mkfifo readlink rm switch_root
- sleep sync true uname
- cpio dd ps mv pivot_root
- mount nfsmount fstype umount
- sh gunzip gzip zcat
- kinit halt poweroff reboot
- ipconfig
- resume
- </span>
- </b></blockquote>
- <hr />
- <a name=glibc />
- <h2>glibc</h2>
- <p>Rather a lot of command line utilities come bundled with glibc:</p>
- <blockquote><b>
- catchsegv getconf getent iconv iconvconfig ldconfig ldd locale localedef
- mtrace nscd rpcent rpcinfo tzselect zdump zic
- </b></blockquote>
- <p>Of those, musl libc only implements ldd. Of the rest:</p>
- <ul>
- <li><b>catchsegv</b> is a rudimentary debugger, probably out of scope for toybox.</li>
- <li><b>iconv</b> has been <a href="#susv4">previously discussed</a>.</li>
- <li><b>iconvconfig</b> is only relevant if iconv is user-configurable; musl uses a
- non-configurable iconv now that utf8+unicode exist.</li>
- <li><b>getconf</b> is a posix utility which displays several variables from
- unistd.h; it probably belongs in the development toolchain.</li>
- <li><b>getent</b> handles retrieving entries from passwd-style databases
- (in a rather lame way) and is trivially replacable by grep.</li>
- <li><b>locale</b> was discussed under <a href=#susv4>posix</a>.
- localedef compiles locale definitions, which musl currently does not use.</li>
- <li><b>mtrace</b> is a perl script to use the malloc debugging that glibc has built-in;
- this is not relevant for musl, and would necessarily vary with libc.</li>
- <li><b>nscd</b> is a name service caching daemon, which is not yet relevant for musl.</li>
- <li><b>rpcinfo</b> and <b>rpcent</b> are related to the Remote Procedure Calls
- layer (an old sun technology used by some userspace NFS implementations),
- which musl does not include and debian does not install by default.</li>
- </ul>
- <p>The remaining commands involve glibc's bundled timezone database,
- which seems to be derived from the <a href=http://www.iana.org/time-zones>IANA
- timezone database</a>. Unless we want to maintain our own fork of the
- standards body's database like glibc does, these are of no interest,
- but for completeness:</p>
- <ul>
- <li><b>tzselect</b> outputs a TZ variable correponding to user input.
- The documentation does not indicate how to use it in a script, but it seems
- that Debian may have done so.</li>
- <li><b>zdump</b> prints current time in each of several timezones, optionally
- outputting a great deal of extra information about each timezone.</li>
- <li><b>zic</b> converts a description of a timezone to a file in tz format.</li>
- </ul>
- <p>We implemented getconf, and I could see maybe arguing for ncsd.
- The rest are not relevant to toybox.</p>
- </b></blockquote>
- <hr />
- <a name=sash />
- <h2>Stand-Alone Shell</h2>
- <p>Wikipedia has <a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-alone_shell>a good
- summary of sash</a>, with links. The original Stand-Alone Shell project reached
- a stopping point, and then <a href=http://www.baiti.net/sash>"sash plus
- patches"</a> extended it a bit further. The result is a megabyte executable
- that provides 40 commands.</p>
- <p>Sash is a shell with built-in commands. It doesn't have a multiplexer
- command, meaning "sash ls -l" doesn't work (you have to go "sash -c 'ls -l'").
- </p>
- <p>The list of commands can be obtained via building it and doing
- "echo help | ./sash | awk '{print $1}' | sed 's/^-//' | xargs echo", which
- gives us:</p>
- <blockquote><b>
- alias aliasall ar cd chattr chgrp chmod chown cmp cp chroot dd echo ed exec
- exit file find grep gunzip gzip help kill losetup losetup ln ls lsattr mkdir
- mknod more mount mv pivot_root printenv prompt pwd quit rm rmdir setenv source
- sum sync tar touch umask umount unalias where
- </b></blockquote>
- <p>Plus sh because it's a shell. A dozen or so commands can only sanely be
- implemented as shell builtins (alias aliasall cd exec exit prompt quit setenv
- source umask unalias), and where is an alias for which.</p>
- <p>This leaves:</p>
- <blockquote><b>
- <span id=sash_cmd>
- chgrp chmod chown cmp cp chroot echo find grep help kill losetup
- ln ls mkdir mknod mount mv pivot_root printenv pwd rm rmdir sync tar touch umount
- ar chattr dd ed file gunzip gzip lsattr more sh
- </span>
- </b></blockquote>
- <p>(For once, this project doesn't include a fork of gzip, instead
- it sucks in -lz from the host.)</p>
- <hr />
- <a name=sbase />
- <h2>sbase:</h2>
- <p>It's <a href=http://git.suckless.org/sbase>on suckless</a> in
- <a href=http://git.suckless.org/ubase>two parts</a>. As of November 2015 it's
- implemented the following (renaming "cron" to "crond" for
- consistency, and yanking "sponge", "mesg", "pagesize", "respawn", and
- "vtallow"):</p>
- <blockquote><p>
- <span id=sbase_cmd>
- basename cal cat chgrp chmod chown chroot cksum cmp comm cp crond cut date
- dirname du echo env expand expr false find flock fold getconf grep head
- hostname join kill link ln logger logname ls md5sum mkdir mkfifo mktemp mv
- nice nl nohup od paste printenv printf pwd readlink renice rm rmdir sed seq
- setsid sha1sum sha256sum sha512sum sleep sort split strings sync tail
- tar tee test tftp time touch tr true tty uname unexpand uniq unlink uudecode
- uuencode wc which xargs yes
- </span>
- </p></blockquote>
- <p>and<p>
- <blockquote><p>
- <span id=sbase_cmd>
- chvt clear dd df dmesg eject fallocate free id login mknod mountpoint
- passwd pidof ps stat su truncate unshare uptime watch
- who
- </span>
- </p></blockquote>
- <hr />
- <a name=nash />
- <h2>nash:</h2>
- <p>Red Hat's nash was part of its "mkinitrd" package, replacement for a shell
- and utilities on the boot floppy back in the 1990's (the same general idea
- as BusyBox, developed independently). Red Hat discontinued nash development
- in 2010, replacing it with dracut (which collects together existing packages,
- including busybox).</p>
- <p>I couldn't figure out how to beat source code out of
- <a href=http://pkgs.fedoraproject.org/git/mkinitrd>Fedora's current git</a>
- repository. The last release version that used it was Fedora Core 12
- which has <a href=http://archive.fedoraproject.org/pub/archive/fedora/linux/releases/12/Fedora/source/SRPMS/mkinitrd-6.0.93-1.fc12.src.rpm>a source rpm</a>
- that can be unwound with "rpm2cpio mkinitrd.src.rpm | cpio -i -d -H newc
- --no-absolute-filenames" and in there is a mkinitrd-6.0.93.tar.bz2 which
- has the source.</p>
- <p>In addition to being a bit like a command shell, the nash man page lists the
- following commands:</p>
- <blockquote><p>
- access echo find losetup mkdevices mkdir mknod mkdmnod mkrootdev mount
- pivot_root readlink raidautorun setquiet showlabels sleep switchroot umount
- </p></blockquote>
- <p>Oddly, the only occurrence of the string pivot_root in the nash source code
- is in the man page, the command isn't there. (It seems to have been removed
- when the underscoreless switchroot went in.)</p>
- <p>A more complete list seems to be the handlers[] array in nash.c:</p>
- <blockquote><p>
- access buildEnv cat cond cp daemonize dm echo exec exit find kernelopt
- loadDrivers loadpolicy mkchardevs mkblktab mkblkdevs mkdir mkdmnod mknod
- mkrootdev mount netname network null plymouth hotplug killplug losetup
- ln ls raidautorun readlink resume resolveDevice rmparts setDeviceEnv
- setquiet setuproot showelfinterp showlabels sleep stabilized status switchroot
- umount waitdev
- </p></blockquote>
- <p>This list is nuts: "plymouth" is an alias for "null" which is basically
- "true" (which the above list doesn't have). Things like buildEnv and
- loadDrivers are bespoke Red Hat behavior that might as well be hardwired in
- to nash's main() without being called.</p>
- <p>Instead of eliminating items
- from the list with an explanation for each, I'm just going to cherry pick
- a few: the device mapper (dm, raidautorun) is probably interesting,
- hotplug (may be obsolete due to kernel changes that now load firmware
- directly), and another "resume" ala klibc.</p>
- <p>But mostly: I don't care about this one. And neither does Red Hat anymore.</p>
- <p>Verdict: ignore</p>
- <hr />
- <a name=beastiebox />
- <h2>Beastiebox</h2>
- <p>Back in 2008, the BSD guys vented some busybox-envy
- <a href=http://beastiebox.sourceforge.net>on sourceforge</a>. Then stopped.
- Their repository is still in CVS, hasn't been touched in years, it's a giant
- hairball of existing code sucked together. (The web page says the author
- is aware of crunchgen, but decided to do this by hand anyway. This is not
- a collection of new code, it's a katamari of existing code rolled up in a
- ball.)</p>
- <p>Combining the set of commands listed on the web page with the set of
- man pages in the source gives us:</P>
- <blockquote><p>
- [ cat chmod cp csh date df disklabel dmesg echo ex fdisk fsck fsck_ffs getty
- halt hostname ifconfig init kill less lesskey ln login ls lv mksh more mount
- mount_ffs mv pfctl ping poweroff ps reboot rm route sed sh stty sysctl tar test
- traceroute umount vi wiconfig
- </p></blockquote>
- <p>Apparently lv is the missing link between ed and vi, copyright 1982-1997 (do
- not want), ex is another obsolete vi mode, lesskey is "used to
- specify a set of key bindings to be used with less", and csh is a shell they
- sucked in (even though they have mksh?), [ is an alias for test. Several more bsd-isms that don't have Linux
- equivalents (even in the ubuntu "install this package" search) are
- disklabel, fsck_ffs, mount_ffs, and pfctl. And wiconfig is a
- wavelan interface network card driver utility. Subtracting all that and the
- commands toybox already implements at triage time, we get:</p>
- <blockquote><p>
- <span id=beastiebox_cmd>
- fdisk fsck getty halt ifconfig init kill less more mount mv ping poweroff
- ps reboot route sed sh stty sysctl tar test traceroute umount vi
- </span>
- </p></blockquote>
- <p>Not a hugely interesting list, but eh.</p>
- <p>Verdict: ignore</p>
- <hr />
- <a name=BsdBox />
- <h2>BsdBox</h2>
- <p>Somebody decided to do a <a href=https://wiki.freebsd.org/AdrianChadd/BsdBox>multicall binary for freebsd</a>.</p>
- <p>They based it on crunchgen, a tool that glues existing programs together
- into an archive and uses the name to execute the right one. It has no
- simplification or code sharing benefits whatsoever, it's basically an
- archiver that produces executables.</p>
- <p>That's about where I stopped reading.</p>
- <p>Verdict: ignore.</p>
- <hr />
- <a name=slowaris />
- <h2>OpenSolaris Busybox</h2>
- <p>Somebody <a href=http://hub.opensolaris.org/bin/view/Project+busybox/>wrote
- a wiki page</a> saying that Busybox for OpenSolaris would be a good idea.</p>
- <p>The corresponding "files" tab is an auto-generated stub. The project never
- even got as far as suggesting commands to include before Oracle discontinued
- OpenSolaris.</p>
- <p>Verdict: ignore.</p>
- <hr />
- <a name=uclinux />
- <h2>uClinux</h2>
- <p>Long ago a hardware developer named Jeff Dionne put together a
- nommu Linux distribution, which involved rewriting a lot of command line
- utilities that relied on <a href=http://nommu.org/memory-faq.txt>features
- unavailable on nommu</a> hardware.</p>
- <p>In 2003 Jeff moved to Japan and handed
- the project off to people who allowed it to roll to a stop. The website
- turned into a mess of 404 links, the navigation indexes stopped being
- updated over a decade ago, and the project's CVS repository suffered a
- hard drive failure for which there were no backups. The project continued
- to put out "releases" through 2014 (you have to scroll down in the "news"
- section to find them, the "HTTP download" section in the nav bar on the
- left hasn't been updated in over a decade), which were hand-updated tarball
- snapshots mostly consisting of software from the 1990's. For example the
- 2014 release still contained ipfwadm, the package which predated ipchains,
- which predated iptables, which is in the process of being replaced by
- nftables.</p>
- <p>Nevertheless, people still try to use this because the project was viewed
- as the place to discuss, develop, and learn about nommu Linux.
- The role of uclinux.org as an educational resource kept people coming
- to it long after it had collapsed as a Linux distro.</p>
- <p>Starting around 0.6.0 toybox began to address nommu support with the goal
- of putting uClinux out of its misery.</p>
- <p>An analysis of <a href=http://www.uclinux.org/pub/uClinux/dist/uClinux-dist-20140504.tar.bz2>uClinux-dist-20140504</a> found 312 package
- subdirectories under "user".</p>
- <h3>Taking out the trash</h3>
- <p>A bunch of packages (<b>inotify-tools, input-event-demon, ipsec-tools, netifd,
- keepalived, mobile-broadband-provider-info, nuttp, readline, snort,
- snort-barnyard, socat, sqlite, sysklogd, sysstat, tcl, ubus, uci, udev,
- unionfs, uqmi, usb_modeswitch, usbutils, util-linux</b>)
- are hard to evaluate because
- uclinux has directories for them, but their source isn't actually in the
- uclinux tree. In some of these the makefiles download a git repo during
- the build, so I'm assuming you can build the external package if you really
- care. (Even when I know what these packages do, I'm skipping them
- because uclinux doesn't actually contain them, and any given snapshot
- of the build system will bitrot as external web links change over time.)</p>
- <p>Other packages are orphaned, meaning they're not mentioned from any Kconfig
- or Makefiles outside of their directory, so uclinux can't actually build
- them: <b>mbus</b> is an orphaned i2c test program expecting to run in some sort
- of hardwired hardware context, <b>mkeccbin</b> is an orphaned "ECC annotated
- binary file" generator (meaning it's half of a flash writer),
- <b>wsc_upnp</b> is a "Ralink WPS" driver (some sort of stale wifi chip)...</p>
- <p>The majority of the remaining packages are probably not of interest to
- toybox due to being so obsolete or special purpose they may not actually be
- of interest to anybody anymore. (This list also includes a lot of
- special-purpose network back-end stuff that's hard for anybody but
- datacenter admins to evaluate the current relevance of.)</p>
- <blockquote><b><p>
- arj asterisk boottools bpalogin br2684ctl camserv can4linux cgi_generic
- cgihtml clamav clamsmtp conntrack-tools cramfs crypto-tools cxxtest
- ddns3-client de2ts-cal debug demo diald discard dnsmasq dnsmasq2
- ethattach expat-examples ez-ipupdate fakeidentd
- fconfig ferret flatfs flthdr freeradius freeswan frob-led frox fswcert
- game gettyd gnugk haserl horch
- hostap hping httptunnel ifattach ipchains
- ipfwadm ipmasqadm ipportfw ipredir ipset iso_client
- jamvm jffs-tools jpegview jquery-ui kendin-config kismet klaxon kmod
- l2tpd lcd ledcmd ledcon lha lilo lirc lissa load loattach
- lpr lrpstat lrzsz mail mbus mgetty microwin ModemManager msntp musicbox
- nooom null openswan openvpn palmbot pam_* pcmcia-cs playrt plugdaemon pop3proxy
- potrace qspitest quagga radauth
- ramimage readprofile rdate readprofile routed rrdtool rtc-ds1302
- sendip ser sethdlc setmac setserial sgutool sigs siproxd slattach
- smtpclient snmpd net-snmp snortrules speedtouch squashfs scep sslwrap stp
- stunnel tcpblast tcpdump tcpwrappers threaddemos tinylogin tinyproxy
- tpt tripwire unrar unzoo version vpnled w3cam xl2tpd zebra
- </p></b></blockquote>
-
- <p>This stuff is all over the place: arj, lha, rar, and zoo are DOS archivers,
- ethattach describes itself as just "a network tool",
- mail is a textmode smtp mailer literally described as "Some kind of mail
- proggy" in uclinux's kconfig (as opposed to clamsmtp and smtpclient and
- so on), this gettyd isn't a generic version but specifically a
- hardwired ppp dialin utility, mgetty isn't a generic version but is combined
- with "sendfax", hostap is an intersil prism driver, wlan-ng is also an
- intersil prism dirver, null is a program to intentionally dereference a
- null pointer (in case you needed one), iso_client is a
- "Demo Application for the USB Device Driver", kendin-config is
- "for configuring the Micrel Kendin KS8995M over QSPI", speedtouch configures
- a specific brand of asdl modem, portmap is part of Anfs,
- ferret, linux-igd, and miniupnp are all upnp packages,
- lanbypass "can be used to control the LAN
- bypass switches on the Advantech x86 based hardware platforms", lcd is
- "test of lcddma device driver" (an out-of-tree Coldfire driver apparently
- lost to history, the uclinux linux-2.4.x directory has a config symbol for
- it, but nothing in the code actually _uses_ it...), qspitest is another
- coldfire thing, mii-tool-fec is
- "strictly for the FEC Ethernet driver as implemented (and modified) for
- the uCdimm5272", rtc-ds1302 and rtc-m41t11 are usermode drivers for specific
- clock chips, stunnel is basically "openssl s_client -quiet -connect",
- potrace is a bitmap to vector graphic converter, radauth performs command line
- authentication against a radius server,
- clamav, klaxon, ferret, l7-protocols, and nessus are very old network security
- software (it's got a stale snapshot of nmap too), xl2tpd is a PPP over UDP
- tunnel (rfc 2661), zebra is the package quagga replaced,
- lilo is the x86-only bootloader that predated grub (and recently discontinued
- development), lissa is a "framebuffer graphics demo" from
- 1998, the squashfs package here is the out of tree patches for 2.4 kernels
- and such before the filesystem was merged upstream (as opposed to the
- squashfs-new package which is a snapshot of the userspace tool from 2011),
- load is basically "dd file /dev/spi", version is basically "cat /proc/version",
- microwin is a port of the WinCE graphics API to Linux, scep is a 2003
- implementation of an IETF draft abandoned in 2010, tpt depends on
- Andrew Morton's 15 year old unmerged "timepegs" kernel patch using the pentium
- cycle counter, vpnled controls a light that reboots systems (what?),
- w3cam is a video4linux 1.0 client (v4l2 showed up during 2.5 and support for
- the old v4l1 was removed in 2.6.38 back in 2011), busybox ate tinylogin
- over a decade ago, lrpstat is a java network monitor
- from 2001, lrzsz is zmodem/ymodem/zmodem, msntp and stp implement rfc2030
- meaning it overflows in 2036 (the package was last updated in 2000), rdate
- is rfc 868 meaning it also overflows in 2036 (which is why ntp was invented
- a few decades back), reiserfsprogs development stopped abruptly after
- Hans Reiser was convicted of murdering his wife Nina (denying it on the
- stand and then leading them to the body as part of his plea bargain during
- sentencing)...
- </p>
- <p>Seriously, there's a lot of crap in there. It's hard to analyze most
- of it far enough to prove it _doesn't_ do anything.</p>
- <h3>Non-toybox programs</h3>
- <p>The following software may actually still do something intelligible
- (although the package versions tend to be years out of date), but
- it's not a direction toybox has chosen to go in.</p>
- <p>There are several programming languages (<b>bash, lua, jamvm, tinytcl,
- perl, python</b>) in there. Maybe someone somewhere wants a 2008 release of a
- java virtual machine tested to work on nommu systems (jamvm), but it's out
- of scope for toybox.</p>
- <p>A bunch of benchmark programs: <b>cpu, dhrystone, mathtest, nbench, netperf,
- netpipe, and whetstone</b>.</p>
- <p>A bunch of web servers: <b>appWeb, boa, fnord (via tcpserver), goahead, httpd,
- mini_httpd, and thttpd</b>.</p>
- <p>A bunch of shells: <b>msh</b> is a clever (I.E. obfuscated) little shell,
- <b>nwsh</b> is "new shell" (that's what it called itself in 1999 anyway),
- <b>sash</b> is another shell with a bunch of builtins (ls, ps, df, cp, date, reboot,
- and shutdown, this roadmap analyzes it <a href="#sash">elsewhere</a>),
- <b>sh</b> is a very old minix shell fork, and <b>tcsh</b> is also a shell.</p>
- <p>Also in this category, we have:</p>
- <blockquote><b><p>
- dropbear jffs-tools jpegview kexec-tools bind ctorrent
- iperf iproute2 ip-sentinel iptables kexec
- nmap oggplay openssl oprofile p7zip pppd pptp play vplay
- hdparm mp3play at clock
- mtd-utils mysql logrotate brcfg bridge-utils flashw
- ebtables etherwake ethtool expect gdb gdbserver hostapd
- lm_sensors load netflash netstat-nat
- radvd recover rootloader resolveip rp-pppoe
- rsyslog rsyslogd samba smbmount squashfs-new squid ssh strace tip
- uboot-envtools ulogd usbhubctrl vconfig vixie-cron watchdogd
- wireless_tools wpa_supplicant
- </p></b></blockquote>
- <p>An awful lot of those are borderline: play and vplay are wav file
- audio players, there's oprofile _and_ readprofile (which just reads kernel
- profiling data from /proc/profile),
- radvd is a "routr advertisement daemon" (ipv6 stateless autoconf),
- ctorrent is a bittorent client,
- lm_sensors is hardware (heat?) monitoring,
- resolveip is dig only less so,
- rp-pppoe is ppp over ethernet,
- ebtables is an ethernet version of iptables (for bridging),
- their dropbear is from 2012, and that ssh version is from 2011
- (which means it's about nine months too _old_ to have the heartbleed bug).
- There's both ulogd and ulogd2 (no idea why), and pppd is version 2.4 but
- there's a ppd-2.3 directory also.</p>
- <p>Lots of flash stuff:
- flashw is a flash writer, load is an spi flash loader, netflash writes
- to flash via tftp,
- recover is also a reflash daemon intended to come up when the system can't boot,
- rootloader seems to be another reflash daemon but without dhcp.</p>
- <h3>Already in roadmap</h3>
- <p>The following packages contain commands already in the toybox roadmap:</p>
- <blockquote><b><p>
- agetty cal cksum cron dhcpcd dhcpcd-new dhcpd dhcp-isc dosfstools e2fsprogs
- elvis-tiny levee fdisk fileutils ftp ftpd grep hd hwclock inetd init ntp
- iputils login module-init-tools netcat shutils ntpdate lspci ping procps
- proftpd rsync shadow shutils stty sysutils telnet telnetd tftp tftpd traceroute
- unzip wget mawk net-tools
- </p></b></blockquote>
- <p>There are some duplicates in there, levee is a tiny vi implementation
- like elvis-tiny, ntp and ntpdate overlap, etc.</p>
- <p>Verdict: We don't really need to do a whole lot special for nommu
- systems, just get the existing toybox roadmap working on nommu and
- we're good. The uClinux project can rest in peace.</p>
- <hr />
- <h2>Requests:</h2>
- <p>The following additional commands have been requested (and often submitted)
- by various users. I _really_ need to clean up this section.</p>
- <p>Also:</p>
- <blockquote><b>
- <span id=request>
- dig freeramdisk getty halt hexdump hwclock klogd modprobe ping ping6 pivot_root
- poweroff readahead rev sfdisk sudo syslogd taskset telnet telnetd tracepath
- traceroute unzip usleep vconfig zip free login modinfo unshare netcat help w
- iwconfig iwlist rdate
- dos2unix unix2dos catv clear
- pmap realpath setsid timeout truncate
- mkswap swapon swapoff
- count oneit fstype
- acpi blkid eject pwdx
- sulogin rfkill bootchartd
- arp makedevs sysctl killall5 crond crontab deluser last mkpasswd watch
- blockdev rpm2cpio arping brctl dumpleases fsck
- tcpsvd tftpd
- factor fallocate fsfreeze inotifyd lspci nbd-client partprobe strings
- base32 base64 mix
- reset hexedit nsenter shred
- fsync insmod ionice lsmod lsusb rmmod vmstat xxd top iotop
- lsof ionice compress dhcp dhcpd addgroup delgroup host iconv ip
- ipcrm ipcs netstat openvt
- deallocvt iorenice
- udpsvd adduser
- microcom tunctl chrt getfattr setfattr
- kexec
- ascii crc32 devmem fmt i2cdetect i2cdump i2cget i2cset mcookie prlimit sntp ulimit uuidgen dhcp6 ipaddr iplink iproute iprule iptunnel cd exit toysh bash traceroute6
- blkdiscard rtcwake
- watchdog
- pwgen readelf unicode
- rsync
- linux32 hd strace
- </span>
- </b></blockquote>
- <hr />
- <a name=packages />
- <h2>Other packages</h2>
- <p>System administrators have <a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/issues/168#issuecomment-583725500>asked</a> what other Linux packages toybox commands
- replace, so they can annotate alternatives in their package management system.</p>
- <p>This section uses the package definitions from Chapter 6 of
- <a href=http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/downloads/9.0/LFS-BOOK-9.0-NOCHUNKS.html>Linux From Scratch 9.0</a>). Each package lists what we currently
- replace, pending commands [in square brackets], and what we DON'T plan to
- implement.</p>
- <p>Each "see also" note means the listed package also installs the listed shared
- libraries. (While toybox contains equivalent functionality to a lot of these
- shared libraries in its lib/ directory, it does not currently provide a shared
- library interface.)</p>
- <h3>Packages toybox plans to provide complete-ish replacements for:</h3>
- <ul>
- <li><b>file</b>: file (see also: libmagic)</li>
- <li><b>m4</b>: [m4]</li>
- <li><b>bc</b>: [bc] [dc]</li>
- <li><b>bison</b>: [yacc] (not: bison, see also: liby)</li>
- <li><b>flex</b>: [lex] (not: flex flex++, see also: libfl)</li>
- <li><b>make</b>: [make]</li>
- <li><b>sed</b>: sed</li>
- <li><b>grep</b>: grep egrep fgrep</li>
- <li><b>bash</b>: bash sh (not: bashbug)</li>
- <li><b>diffutils</b>: cmp [diff] [diff3] [sdiff]</li>
- <li><b>gawk</b>: [awk] (not: gawk gawk-5.0.1)</li>
- <li><b>findutils</b>: find xargs (not: locate updatedb)</li>
- <li><b>less</b>: less (not: lessecho lesskey)</li>
- <li><b>gzip</b>: zcat [gzip] [gunzip] [zcmp] [zdiff] [zegrep] [zfgrep] [zgrep] [zless] [zmore]
- (not: gzexe uncompress zforce znew)</li>
- <li><b>make</b>: [make]</li>
- <li><b>patch</b>: patch</li>
- <li><b>tar</b>: tar</li>
- <li><b>procps-ng</b>: free pgrep pidof pkill ps sysctl top uptime vmstat w watch
- [pmap] [pwdx] [slabtop]
- (not: tload, see also libprocps)</li>
- <li><b>sysklogd</b>: [klogd] [syslogd]</li>
- <li><b>sysvinit</b>: [init] halt poweroff reboot killall5 [shutdown]
- (not telinit runlevel fstab-decode bootlogd)</li>
- <li><b>man</b>: man (but not accessdb apropos catman lexgrog mandb manpath whatis,
- see also libman libmandb)</li>
- <li><b>vim</b>: vi xxd (but not ex, rview, rvim, view, vim, vimdiff, vimtutor)</li>
- <li><b>sysvinit</b>: [init] halt poweroff reboot killall5 [shutdown]
- (not telinit runlevel fstab-decode bootlogd)</li>
- <li><b>kmod</b>: insmod lsmod rmmod modinfo [modprobe]
- (not: depmod kmod)</li>
- <li><b>attr</b>: [getfattr] setfattr (not: attr, see also: libattr)</li>
- <li><b>shadow</b>: [chfn] [chpasswd] [chsh] [groupadd] [groupdel] [groupmod]
- [newusers] passwd [su] [useradd] [userdel] [usermod]
- [lastlog] [login] [newgidmap] [newuidmap]
- (not: chage expiry faillog groupmems grpck logoutd newgrp nologin pwck sg
- vigr vipw, grpconv grpunconv pwconv pwunconv, chgpasswd gpasswd)</li>
- <li><b>psmisc</b>: killall [fuser] [pstree] [peekfd] [prtstat]
- (not: pslog pstree.x11)</li>
- <li><b>inetutils</b>: dnsdomainname [ftp] hostname ifconfig ping ping6 [telnet] [tftp] [traceroute] (not: talk)</li>
- <li><b>coreutils</b>: [ base32 base64 basename cat chgrp chmod chown chroot cksum comm cp cut date
- dd df dirname du echo env expand factor false fmt fold groups head hostid id install
- link ln logname ls md5sum mkdir mkfifo mknod mktemp mv nice nl nohup nproc od
- paste printenv printf pwd readlink realpath rm rmdir seq sha1sum shred
- sleep sort split stat sync tac tail tee test timeout touch true truncate
- tty uname uniq unlink wc who whoami yes
- [expr] [fold] [join] [numfmt] [runcon] [sha224sum] [sha256sum] [sha384sum]
- [sha512sum] [stty] [b2sum] [tr] [unexpand]
- (not: basenc chcon csplit dir dircolors pathchk
- pinky pr ptx shuf stdbuf sum tsort users vdir, see also libstdbuf)</li>
- <li><b>util-linux</b>: blkid blockdev cal chrt dmesg eject fallocate flock hwclock
- ionice kill logger losetup mcookie mkswap more mount mountpoint nsenter
- pivot_root prlimit rename renice rev setsid swapoff swapon switch_root taskset
- umount unshare uuidgen
- [addpart] [fdisk] [findfs] [findmnt] [fsck] [fsfreeze] [fstrim] [getopt]
- [hexdump] [linux32] [linux64] [lsblk] [lscpu] [lsns] [setarch]
- (not: agetty blkdiscard blkzone cfdisk chcpu chmem choom col
- colcrt colrm column ctrlaltdel delpart fdformat fincore fsck.cramfs
- fsck.minix ipcmk ipcrm ipcs isosize last lastb ldattach look lsipc
- lslocks lslogins lsmem mesg mkfs mkfs.bfs mkfs.cramfs mkfs.minix namei partx
- raw readprofile resizepart rfkill rtcwake script scriptreplay
- setterm sfdisk sulogin swaplabel ul
- uname26 utmpdump uuidd uuidparse wall wdctl whereis wipefs
- i386 x86_64 zramctl)</li>
- </ul>
- <p>Commentary: toybox init doesn't do runlevels, man and vim are just the
- relevant commands without the piles of strange overgrowth, and if you want
- to call a toybox binary by another name you can create a symlink to a
- symlink. If somebody really wants to argue for "gzexe" or similar, be
- my guest, but there's a lot of obsolete crap in shadow, coreutils,
- util-linux...</p>
- <p>No idea why LFS is installing inetutils instead of net-tools
- (which contains arp route ifconfig mii-tool nameif netstat and rarp that
- toybox does or might implement, and plipconfig slattach that it probably won't.)</p>
- <h3>Packages toybox plans to provide partial replacements for:</h3>
- <p>Toybox provides replacements for some binaries from these packages,
- but there are other useful binaries which this package provides that toybox
- currently considers out of scope for the project:</p>
- <ul>
- <li><b>binutils</b>: strings [ar] [nm] [readelf] [size] [objcopy] [strip]
- (not c++filt, dwp, elfedit, gprof. The following commands belong
- in <a href=/code/qcc>qcc</a>: addr2line as ld objdump ranlib)</li>
- <li><b>bzip2</b>: bunzip2 bzcat [bzcmp] [bzdiff] [bzegrep] [bzfgrep] [bzgrep] [bzless]
- [bzmore] (not: bzip2, bzip2recover, see also libbz2)</li>
- <li><b>xz</b>: [xzcat] [lzcat] [lzcmp] [lzdiff] [lzegrep] [lzfgrep] [lzgrep]
- [lzless] [lzmadec, lzmainfo] [lzmore] [unlzma] [unxz] [xzcat]
- [xzcmp] [xzdec] [xzdiff] [xzegrep] [xzfgrep] [xzgrep] [xzless] [xzmore]
- (not: compression side, see also: liblzma)</li>
- <li><b>ncurses</b>: clear reset (not: everything else, see also: libcurses)</li>
- <li><b>e2fsprogs</b>: chattr lsattr [e2fsck] [mkfs.ext2] [mkfs.ext3]
- [fsck.ext2] [fsck.ext3] [e2label] [resize2fs] [tune2fs]
- (not badblocks compile_et debugfs dumpe2fse2freefrag e2image
- e2mmpstatus e2scrub e2scrub_all e2undo e4crypt e4defrag filefrag
- fsck.ext4 logsave mk_cmds mkfs.ext4 mklost+found)</li>
- </ul>
- <p>Toybox provides several decompressors but compresses to a single format
- (deflate, ala gzip/zlib). Our e2fsprogs doesn't currently plan to support
- ext4 or defrag. The "qcc" reference is because someday an external project to glue
- QEMU's <a href=https://git.qemu.org/?p=qemu.git;a=blob;f=tcg/README;h=bfa2e4ed246c;hb=HEAD>Tiny Code Generator</a>
- to Fabrice Bellard's old <a href=http://landley.net/hg/tinycc>Tiny C Compiler</a>
- making a multicall binary that does cc/ld/as for all the targets QEMU
- supports (then use the
- <a href=https://github.com/JuliaComputing/llvm-cbe>LLVM C Backend</a>
- to compile LLVM itself to C for use as a modern replacement for
- <a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cfront>cfront</a> to bootstrap
- C++ code) is under consideration
- as a successor project to toybox. Until then things like objdump -d
- (requiring target-specific disassembly for an unbounded number of architectures)
- are out of scope for toybox. (This means drawing the line somewhere between
- architecture-specific support in file and strace, and including a full
- assembler for each architecture.)</p>
- </span>
- <h3>Packages from LFS ch6 toybox does NOT plan to replace:</h3>
- <ul>
- <li><b>linux-api-headers</b></li>
- <li><b>man-pages glibc</b></li>
- <li><b>zlib</b></li>
- <li><b>readline</b></li>
- <li><b>gmp</b></li>
- <li><b>mpfr</b></li>
- <li><b>mpc</b></li>
- <li><b>gcc</b></li>
- <li><b>pkg-config</b></li>
- <li><b>ncurses</b></li>
- <li><b>acl</b></li>
- <li><b>libcap</b></li>
- <li><b>psmisc</b></li>
- <li><b>iana-etc</b></li>
- <li><b>libtool</b></li>
- <li><b>gdbm</b></li>
- <li><b>gperf</b></li>
- <li><b>expat</b></li>
- <li><b>perl</b></li>
- <li><b>XML::Parser</b></li>
- <li><b>intltool</b></li>
- <li><b>autoconf</b></li>
- <li><b>automake</b></li>
- <li><b>gettext</b></li>
- <li><b>libelf</b></li>
- <li><b>libffi</b></li>
- <li><b>openssl</b></li>
- <li><b>python</b></li>
- <li><b>ninja</b></li>
- <li><b>meson</b></li>
- <li><b>check</b></li>
- <li><b>groff</b></li>
- <li><b>grub</b></li>
- <li><b>libpipeline</b></li>
- <li><b>texinfo</b></li>
- </ul>
- <p>That said, we do implement our own zlib and readline replacements, and
- presumably _could_ export them as library bindings. Plus we provide
- our own version of a bunch of the section 1 man pages (as command help).
- Possibly libcap and acl are interesting?</p>
- <h3>Misc</h3>
- <p>The kbd package has over a dozen commands, we only implement chvt. The
- iproute2 package implements over a dozen commands, there's an "ip" in
- pending but I'm not a fan (ifconfig and route and such should be extended
- to work properly). We don't implement eudev, but toybox's maintainer
- created busybox mdev way back when (which replaces it) and plans to do a
- new one for toybox as soon as we work out what subset is still needed now that
- devtmpfs is available.</p>
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